Mark Bernstein addresses navigation in a short hypertextual essay, "Hypertext Gardens" html 
, 1998.
In this essay, Bernstein defines the navigation problem, Getting Lost, not as a function of placement or types of links, but of writing: how the content is organized.
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Hypertext disorientation most often arises from muddled writing, or from the complexity of the subject. Many hypertexts do not require elaborate navigational apparatus. html
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Bernstein is not thinking about surfing over a sea of web pages but of slowing things down:
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The attention of the audience is a writer's most precious possession, and the value of audience attention is seldom more clear than in writing for the Web. The time, care, and expense devoted to creating and promoting a hypertext are lost if readers arrive, glance around, and click elsewhere. How can the craft of hypertext invite readers to stay, to explore, and to reflect?
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Bernstein's discussion is about the hypertext writer as designer of paths, cityscapes, follies. The garden metaphor is his argument that writers might seek to slow to readers down - to take on different purposes than skimming. He suggests that we can get them to stay in order to explore and reflect.
This makes the navigation problem is one of writers placing attention on the right stuff.
Bernstein is taking some of his ideas from work on Storyspace, but they are adapted to the web. The essay itself demonstrates the ideas Bernstein discusses, using images, text, the design of the page, placement and naming of links, as well as link color, to slow the reader down, offer pages to think and consider, and, in the end, a gateway out to the web, in the content of the page "Seven Lessons" html .
Hypertext As Navigation discusses other metaphors as they apply to links and link types. The idea is that being able to type links makes the movement between spaces easier to remember.