An observation becomes a measurement when we apply a scale in a repeatable way. Thus measurements yield data subject to further analysis and interpretation.
Not all numbers are equal. The choice of scale can limit reasoning. This becomes an important issue in experimental design. webpage 
In computing the numeric type integer is used for counts while floating point is preferred for measurement.
Accuracy and repeatability are characteristics of the measurement process while resolution describes the form of the recorded result.
See Time Measurement